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More interested in Pandemic Influenza Generally? See our Pandemic Influenza Information.
Q. What is bird flu?
Bird - or Avian - flu, often mis-spelled as bird flue or avian flue, is caused by a virus that usually
infects birds (particularly poultry) but occasionally crosses the species
barrier and infects humans - recently predominantly in the Far East, although it also happens elsewhere. It is not correct to refer to it as "avian bird flu" as many internet searches suggest.
Q. Does it affect people?
Until recently, avianflu was thought to affect people
rarely and usually cause only mild disease such as conjunctivitis. Since 1997,
however, one strain of the avian virus - H5N1 - has been associated with a very high
death rate when people have been affected.
Q. Is there a vaccine for avian flu virus?
Vaccines against the H5N1 avian virus currently occurring in SE Asia are under development. These are not the same as
a pandemic vaccine - if a pandemic were to emerge from this virus the virus may
have changed to such an extent that this vaccine may not be appropriate.
Q. Why are we concerned about avian flu?
The birdflu that is affecting poultry flocks and avian health in
Asia at the present time has increased experts' concern and has now been found
in birds in some parts of Europe. The avian viruses including H5N1 which is causing these outbreaks has affected some humans
causing serious illness, and a high proportion have died. Scientists fear that this virus may change with time to make it a more
serious threat for humans and start another pandemic.
The following table summarises the main differences between ordinary flu and
pandemic flu:
|
Ordinary flu |
Pandemic flu |
|
Ordinary flu occurs every year
normally during Northern-hemisphere winter months. |
Pandemic flu occurs roughly every
thirty years and can take place in any Season. |
|
Usually affects 10-15% of the
population and is thought to kill between 500,000 to 1 million persons
worldwide annually. |
It affects many more people than
ordinary flu - a quarter or more of the population - and is associated with
much higher rates of illness and death. For example, the worst flu pandemic
last century - the 1918 'Spanish Flu', caused up to 40 million deaths
worldwide. |
|
Most people recover from ordinary flu
within one or two weeks without requiring medical treatment. |
Pandemic flu, usually associated with
a higher severity of illness and consequently a higher risk of death,
represents a much more serious infection than ordinary flu. |
|
Deaths are generally confined to 'at
risk' groups including: - Elderly people over 65 years of
age - People with existing medical
conditions such as lung diseases, diabetes, cancer, kidney or heart problems People whose immune systems are
compromised due to HIV/AIDS or because they have a transplant for example - The very young |
People of all age groups may be at
risk of infection with pandemicflu, not just 'at risk' groups. In fact
studies have shown that groups normally 'at risk' with ordinary flu are less susceptible
during pandemic flu. This is because healthy individuals' immune systems are
likely to put up much more of a fight which itself can exhaust the
individual's immune system to a point of giving up the fight altogether. |
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The vaccine against ordinary flu is
effective because the virus strain in circulation each winter can be fairly
reliably predicted. |
A vaccine against pandemic flu will
not be available at the start of a pandemic. This is because the virus strain
will be completely new. It will be different from viruses that circulated the
previous winter, and not predictable in the same way. |
|
Annual vaccination, when the correct
virus strain is fairly reliably predicted, and antiviral drugs are available for those at risk of becoming seriously ill. |
Antiviral drugs may be in limited supply,
their use depending on evidence of their efficacy which will only emerge once
the pandemic is under way. |
Q. Is there a treatment for avian flu?
One or more antiviral drugs are usually helpful in treating
avian flu. But they have to be started within 48 hours of the avian flu symptoms
starting. They can also be taken by, for example, poultry workers and cullers
exposed to infected birds, or their droppings, to prevent then getting avian
flu.
Q. What is the best line of defense in an influenza pandemic?
Vaccines are the best line of defense in reducing illness
and deaths during normal seasonal influenza. The vaccine has to change each
year as the viruses circulating change. This can be done because the changes
can be fairly reliably predicted. Vaccines can also play an important role in
responding to an influenza pandemic but because the virus will be entirely new
and not predictable in the same way, a specific vaccine cannot be made in
advance. Preparatory work is being undertaken to be in the best possible position
to produce vaccine against a pandemic strain when the situation arises, but
they are unlikely to be available in the early stages.
Q. What do vaccines do?
Vaccines are biological agents that stimulate the body to
produce antibodies or other immunity. Influenza vaccines produce antibodies
against strains closely related to the strains of the virus contained in the
vaccine. On exposure to avian viruses, the antibodies help prevent infection and
reduce the severity of the illness. Normal flu vaccines contain parts of three
viruses thought most likely to be circulating during the forthcoming winter.
Q. How effective are influenza vaccines?
This depends on how well the vaccine matches the strains of
virus currently causing illness. Even with the best match influenza vaccines
are not 100% effective in preventing illness. But they can be expected to
reduce the most serious illness complications, the need for hospital care, and
deaths.
Q. Will a vaccine be available to prevent illness in a
pandemic?
Until the virus has been identified, it is not possible to
prepare a vaccine against a pandemic strain of influenza virus. Once the virus
is identified, the vaccine will take about four to six months to produce.
Therefore, depending on the gap between the two waves of infection a vaccine
should be available for the second wave of infection.
Q. How long will the vaccine take to produce?
The vaccine will take at least 4-6 months to produce.
Q. Why can't we use currently available flu vaccine?
Currently available flu vaccines only protect against the currently
circulating ordinary flu. The virus causing a pandemic will be so different
from the strains in the vaccine that they are very unlikely to provide any
significant immunity in a pandemic situation. New vaccine must be developed to
match the new pandemic strain.
Q. Can any vaccine left from previous years be used?
No. It will only provide protection against old strains of
influenza virus, not against a new strain.
Q. Can't we anticipate what viruses might cause a pandemic and
make a vaccine available?
There is no vaccine ready to protect against pandemic flu.
The virus that causes pandemic flu will be new and a vaccine to protect against
it cannot be made until the virus has been identified. Before a pandemic starts
it is difficult, if not impossible, to predict what strain will cause it and
even then, predictions may prove wrong, or the predicted virus may have changed
enough for a pre-prepared vaccine to be ineffective. 'Ordinary' flu vaccines will
not provide protection and having had a flu 'jab' in the recent past does not
protect someone.
Q. Can we be sure the Government will be able to obtain enough
vaccine for our needs?
The Governments are discussing their needs with manufacturers, but it is very unlikely enough vaccine
can be produced for everyone to be immunised before the first wave of illness
due to the pandemic strain.
Q. Does this mean that the vaccine will be rationed?
Priority will be given to certain groups first. Healthcare
workers and other essential service key workers will need to take precedence
over other groups, as it will be important to maintain health and other
essential services. Those groups most at risk of serious illness will then
receive the vaccine as supplies increase.
Q. Who makes the decision on priority groups?
Each Country will deploy It’s own way of prioritising who should receive vaccinations.
It is likely that the following priority will be recommended:
- healthcare workers most at risk
- essential service workers
- clinical 'high-risk' groups
- closed communities such as nursing homes
- general population.
These would be kept under review during a pandemic and
modified if necessary.
Q. Will the whole population be vaccinated?
Whilst the overall aim will be to vaccinate the entire
population, this will not be possible in the early stages of a pandemic. A
tiered approach will be taken to vaccination as vaccine becomes available. An
important part of the response is to optimise the use of vaccine and other
resources in limited supply.
Q. Who purchases the vaccine?
The local Government is responsible for purchasing and
supplying a pandemic vaccine on behalf of the whole of the Country. They will
liaise with each local state/province for the supply of vaccines to these
regions.
Q. Are there any other ways to prevent influenza?
Antiviral agents can be used to prevent influenza, for
example in the early stages of a pandemic. But, again, until the virus starts
circulating it is not possible to know how effective antivirals will be, or the
best way to use them.
Q. How will vaccine be equitably distributed?
Vaccine will most likely be distributed on a per capita
basis, according to the groups being immunised.
Q. Who will do the vaccinations?
The precise vaccine formulation, dose and dose schedule will
not be known until nearer the time, so detailed arrangements for immunisation
are not yet established. Mass community immunisation plans are currently being
developed and will examine the possibility of immunisation by people other than
doctors/nurses such as medical students and pharmacists.
Q. What are antiviral drugs?
Antiviral drugs are special medicines for the treatment of
certain viral infections. Two types of antiviral drugs are available against
influenza. They will have an important role in the prevention and treatment of
pandemic influenza, especially during the time before vaccine becomes generally
available.
Q. Do Countries have contingency stockpiles of antiviral drugs
and other essential pharmaceuticals?
Most Countries are building up a stockpile of antiviral
drugs against the contingency of an influenza pandemic.
Q. Do antivirals have side effects?
The antivirals which are likely to be of most use in a
pandemic are generally well tolerated, but on occasion can cause nausea and
vomiting.
Q. Will they be recommended for all groups of the population?
During a pandemic, antivirals will have to be used in the
most effective way, taking into account emerging evidence about the pandemic
and the effectiveness of the drugs as well as their availability. Some groups
of people will, therefore, take priority over others.
Q. Are there any other countermeasures available?
Since vaccines and antiviral drugs are likely to be in
limited supply, especially at the onset of a pandemic, other public health and
'social' interventions may be the only available countermeasures to limit or
slow the spread of the disease.
Measures such as hand washing, and limiting non-essential
travel and mass gatherings of people may slow the spread of the virus to reduce
the impact and 'buy' valuable time.
Q. What contingency plans do Countries have for an influenza
pandemic?
Plans will provide the overall framework for an integrated Country-wide
response, escalating as the pandemic threat increases and then as the pandemic
evolves. At its simplest it covers actions to be taken before, during and after
the pandemic.
Plans concentrate on the central response, but contains
information for al organisations involved in preparing for and responding to an
influenza pandemic in order to provide a coherent approach with each part
knowing its role in relation to others.
The plan is also intended to be flexible so that our
response can be adapted as a pandemic evolves and knowledge about the new
virus, its impact and the effectiveness of available countermeasures emerges.
Q. What would we do if pandemic flu arrives?
If the pandemic started outside your Country, the government
would already have put its contingency plan into action and started preparing
for the pandemic in your Country. A graduated series of public health measures
would be implemented to reduce the impact, and help control the pandemic.
Q. What are the objectives of the plan?
The overall aim of the plan is to minimise the impact of the
pandemic on the local population in particular to:
- reduce illness and save lives
- provide health care for the sick
- ensure that essential services can continue, and
- ensure the public, health professionals and the media have
up to date, comprehensive information at al stages.
The plan also aims to reduce the disruption a pandemic may
cause to peoples' daily lives.
Q. What are key elements of the pandemic plan?
The key elements of pandemic planning incorporate:
- establishing 'command and control' structure to lead and
co-ordinate the
- response
- communications
- monitoring the pandemic (surveillance)
- public health response
- health service response
- civil contingencies response
- preparatory work to support the
response
- international collaboration.
Q. What control measures are envisaged?
The following control measures are envisaged:
- Vaccination of identified high-risk groups as and when
vaccine becomes available
- Use of antiviral drugs
- Appropriate advice about the use of healthcare services
- Appropriate treatment of cases according to nationally
agreed principles
- Other 'social' measures to reduce person to person spread.
Q. What preparations are being made by Governments?
Publishing the plan is an important step in preparing for a
pandemic. But improving our preparedness is ongoing work, putting into place
the actions described in the plan.
Q. What will happen at the end of a pandemic?
The Health Authorities will review the data about the
pandemic as it affects your Country and the effectiveness of its response and will
make recommendations for future modification of pandemic influenza contingency
plans.
Q. Can anyone get pandemic flu?
Anyone could get sick from pandemic flu. This is a new
virus, to which no one is immune. However, about half of those who are infected
can expect to have no symptoms - called asymptomatic infection.
Q. What are the symptoms?
Symptoms are similar to (although usually more severe than)
other types of flu - sudden onset of fever, cough, headache, extreme tiredness
and aching muscles, respiratory symptoms such as a sore throat.
Q. Could the virus infect all age groups?
It is expected that all age groups, would be affected as
no-one will have immunity to the new virus.
Q. Is pandemic flu more serious than seasonal flu?
An influenza pandemic is usually very different from
seasonal influenza. It causes more severe illness and affects more people. It
is expected that during a pandemic of influenza 25% of the population could fall
ill (compared with up to 10% in a normal winter) and that the illness will be
more serious. In the space of a few months, the pandemic could lead to several million
deaths worldwide.
Q. How can I protect myself and my family?
During a pandemic, the advice is similar to that for
'ordinary' flu.
Q. Are we at risk right now?
Pandemics are unpredictable in their timing, so we cannot be
sure, although experts say that the warning signs have increased.
Q. Is there treatment available?
As a new pandemic has not materialised yet there is no
vaccine and it could take several months after the start of a pandemic before
one could be manufactured on any scale. Antiviral drugs are available, which
limit the symptoms and as a result lessen the chances of serious complications.
They possibly also reduce spread of the disease. They will need to be used in
the most effective way, according to expert advice.
Q. How will we know what to do?
There will be regular updates on the television telling us
what is happening and what to do. People with mild to moderate symptoms will be
advised to stay at home.
Q. How can I reduce my risk and protect myself and my family?
You can reduce, but not eliminate, the risk of catching or
spreading influenza during a pandemic by:
- covering your nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing,
using a tissue when possible
- disposing of dirty tissues promptly and carefully – bag
and bin them
- avoiding non-essential travel and large crowds whenever
possible
- maintaining good basic hygiene, for example washing your
hands frequently with soap and water to reduce the spread of the virus from
your hands to your face, or to other people.
- cleaning hard surfaces (e.g. kitchen worktops, door
handles) frequently, using a normal cleaning product
- making sure your children follow this advice.
If you do catch flu:
- stay at home and rest
- take medicines such as aspirin, ibuprofen or paracetemol
to relieve the symptoms (following the instructions with the medicines).
Children under 16 must not be given aspirin or ready made flu remedies
containing aspirin
- drink plenty of fluids.
Q. Why won't antibiotics work?
Influenza is a virus, so antibiotics will not work unless
influenza has led to a bacterial illness that requires treatment.
Q. Can I still travel abroad?
In the event of a pandemic international travel,
particularly to and from areas already affected, is likely to be discouraged in
an attempt to slow, or delay, international spread of the virus.
Q. Should I have the ordinary flu jab?
Yes. If you are due an 'ordinary' flu jab you should have
it.
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| 06/25/2009 05:00 PM |
| Preclinical Proof-of-Concept Studies Published For Novavax Seasonal Influenza Virus-Like-Particle Vaccine |
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Novavax, Inc. (Nasdaq: NVAX) announced publication of the preclinical study results that supported the clinical development of the company's investigational VLP vaccine against the H3N2, H1N1 and B influenza strains. The study, which was conducted by scientists from the University of Pittsburgh, Center for Vaccine Research and Novavax, was published in the June 24, 2009 online issue of PLoS ONE.
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| 06/05/2009 08:00 PM |
| A Closer Look At The I-Con™ - Isolation And Containment For Pandemic Control |
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American Innovative Research (A.I.R.) cofounders, David Palmer and Judy Piscione, explain how the impact of the avian flu pandemic originally motivated their company's researching a home option of an isolation and containment unit. A.I.R. CEO Palmer states that he and Piscione leveraged decades of success in biomedical research and semiconductor clean-room technology to found American Innovative Research Corp. Palmer defines A.I.R.
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| 06/05/2009 06:00 PM |
| Animal Production And Health To Be Addressed At FAO/IAEA Symposium |
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An international symposium to be held in Vienna next week will focus on the use of nuclear technologies to enhance animal nutrition and reproduction strategies and to detect and control animal-origin diseases that can be transmitted to humans, such as swine and avian influenza. Around 500 animal production and health experts from over 100 countries will present up-to-date findings for solving or alleviating factors affecting animal production.
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| 06/04/2009 04:00 PM |
| Indirect Transmission Can Trigger Influenza Outbreaks In Birds |
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New data on the persistence of avian influenza viruses in the environment has allowed a team of University of Georgia researchers to create the first model that takes into account both direct and indirect transmission of the viruses among birds. The model, which is detailed in the early online edition of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has the potential to shed new light on how outbreaks begin in wild bird populations.
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| 06/02/2009 06:00 PM |
| News From The American Chemical Society, May 27, 2009 |
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Bird flu virus remains infectious up to 600 days in municipal landfills Amid concerns about a pandemic of swine flu, researchers from Nebraska report for the first time that poultry carcasses infected with another threat - the "bird flu" virus - can remain infectious in municipal landfills for almost 2 years. Their report is scheduled for the June 15 issue of ACS' semi-monthly journal Environmental Science & Technology. Shannon L.
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| 05/31/2009 04:00 PM |
| Bird Flu Virus Remains Infectious Up To 600 Days In Municipal Landfills |
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Amid concerns about a pandemic of swine flu, researchers from Nebraska report for the first time that poultry carcasses infected with another threat - the "bird flu" virus - can remain infectious in municipal landfills for almost 2 years. Their report is scheduled for the June 15 issue of ACS' semi-monthly journal Environmental Science & Technology. Shannon L.
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| 05/25/2009 04:00 PM |
| The Challenges Of Avian Influenza Virus: Mechanism, Epidemiology And Control |
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The latest special issue of Science in China Series C: Life Sciences focuses on the recent progress in the H5N1-related research field. Early 2009, eight human infection cases of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, with 5 death cases, were reported in China. This again made the world alert on a possible pandemic worldwide, probably caused by avian-origin influenza virus.
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| 05/25/2009 03:00 PM |
| Tighter Surveillance Of Swine Flu In Pigs Needed Worldwide Says CDC |
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The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said that there is a "global need for more systemic surveillance of influenza viruses in pigs", during a press briefing where they explained the findings of a recent study on the genetic and antigenetic properties of the new 2009 H1N1 swine flu virus.
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| 05/20/2009 10:00 PM |
| In A New Way Of Treating The Flu, Both The H And N Portions Of The Virus Are Targeted |
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What happens if the next big influenza mutation proves resistant to the available anti-viral drugs? This question is presenting itself right now to scientists and health officials this week at the World Health Assembly in Geneva, Switzerland, as they continue to do battle with H1N1, the so-called swine flu, and prepare for the next iteration of the ever-changing flu virus.
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| 05/19/2009 09:00 PM |
| New Vaccine Strategy Might Offer Protection Against Pandemic Influenza Strains |
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A novel vaccine strategy using virus-like particles (VLPs) could provide stronger and longer-lasting influenza vaccines with a significantly shorter development and production time than current ones, allowing public health authorities to react more quickly in the event of a potential pandemic. Ted Ross, Ph.D.
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| 05/13/2009 08:00 PM |
| News From Burnham Institute For Medical Research, May 2009 |
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Human monoclonal antibodies effective against bird and seasonal flu viruses Dr. Robert Liddington and colleagues, working with researchers at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reported the identification of human monoclonal antibodies that neutralize an unprecedented range of influenza A viruses, including avian influenza A (H5N1) virus, previous pandemic influenza viruses and some seasonal influenza viruses.
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| 05/11/2009 06:00 PM |
| Bird Flu Research Could Help With Swine Flu Vaccine |
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A study published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America shows that Aflunov®, the Novartis investigational pre-pandemic avian influenza vaccine formulated with Novartis' proprietary MF59® adjuvant, can elicit a broadly cross-reactive immune response covering all known H5N1 antigenic variants, even when that booster dose is administered six years after the initial priming dose.
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| 05/05/2009 11:00 PM |
| EFPIA Response To The A (H1N1) Novel Influenza Virus |
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EFPIA is aware and concerned by the current outbreak of a novel influenza, which appears to have originated in Mexico. We note the WHO's decision to raise the level of influenza pandemic alert from the current phase 4 to phase 5. We will continue to monitor the situation closely, working with our colleagues at the International Federation of Pharmaceutical manufacturers and Associations.
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| 05/02/2009 07:00 PM |
| Novartis Investigational Adjuvanted (MF59) Pre-pandemic Avian Influenza Vaccine Aflunov® Shows Long Lasting, cross-protective Immune Response |
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A study published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America shows that Aflunov®, the Novartis investigational pre-pandemic avian influenza vaccine formulated with Novartis' proprietary MF59® adjuvant, can elicit a broadly cross-reactive immune response covering all known H5N1 antigenic variants, even when that booster dose is administered six years after the initial priming dose.
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| 04/30/2009 06:00 PM |
| Avian Flu Research Sheds Light On Swine Flu Outbreak |
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A new study by University of Maryland researchers suggests that the potential for an avian influenza virus to cause a human flu pandemic is greater than previously thought. Results also illustrate how the current swine flu outbreak likely came about. As of now, avian flu viruses can infect humans who have contact with birds, but these viruses tend not to transmit easily between humans.
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| 04/29/2009 03:00 PM |
| Is Swine Flu A Worldwide Threat? |
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After human cases of a new H1N1 swine influenza A virus were first reported in Mexico and then quickly spread around the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) raised its pandemic alert level from phase 3 to phase 4, on April 27. The virus is a fusion of human, pig and avian influenza. There was growing international concern a week ago, after outbreaks of illnesses similar to influenza were reported in Mexico and in other countries.
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| 04/29/2009 03:00 PM |
| Swine Flu Baffles Experts And Raises More Questions Than Answers |
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As countries around the world ready themselves for the possibility of a global pandemic in the wake of increasing numbers of confirmed cases of people infected with a new strain of A/H1N1 influenza virus that is being described as swine flu, investigations digging deeper into the history and evidence surrounding the outbreak are coming up with more questions than answers.
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| 04/28/2009 11:00 PM |
| NanoViricides, Inc. Says Flu-Cide Drug Designed To Destroy All Influenza A Viruses Including Swine And Bird Flu |
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NanoViricides, Inc. (OTC BB: NNVC.OB) (the "Company"), announced that it is developing FluCide(™), its flagship anti-influenza drug candidate, to work against all influenza types and subtypes. FluCide has been shown to be effective against both common influenza subtype H1N1, as well as two different variants of bird flu subtype H5N1.
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| 04/28/2009 09:00 PM |
| Pandemic Flu Vaccine 6-Month Time Lag Warns Scientist |
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New research published April 27 from the University of Leicester and University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust warns of a six-month time lag before effective vaccines can be manufactured in the event of a pandemic flu outbreak. By that time, the first wave of pandemic flu may be over before people are vaccinated, says Dr Iain Stephenson, Consultant in Infectious Diseases at the Leicester Royal Infirmary and a Clinical Senior Lecturer at the University of Leicester.
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| 04/28/2009 06:00 PM |
| Scientist Warns Over Pandemic Flu Vaccine Six-month Time Lag |
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New research published from the University of Leicester and University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust warns of a six-month time lag before effective vaccines can be manufactured in the event of a pandemic flu outbreak. By that time, the first wave of pandemic flu may be over before people are vaccinated, says Dr Iain Stephenson, Consultant in Infectious Diseases at the Leicester Royal Infirmary and a Clinical Senior Lecturer at the University of Leicester.
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